两封关于诺贝尔奖的信

李淼

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最近网络上不可避免地出现诺奖讨论热。学术界大多是讨论科学奖,而一般的博客讨论文学奖更多些(据我看来,虽然普通人觉得自己懂文学,其实他们不具备说三道四的资格,特别是那些文学奖作品是三流的言论,此事以后再谈)。

在过去,我们谈这些,被人称为诺奖情结。现在谈,诺奖情结还有。这种情结其实和得奥运金牌以及办奥运一样,是急于被人家承认的心态(我用得金牌而不是夺金牌,就是因为不喜欢这种心态)。这两年学术界一年一度还是谈,我想急于被人家承认的心情不那么迫切了,大家出于检讨目前中国学术界以及大环境的状态的动机更多了。

下面我贴两封信,关于亚洲人得奖的话题。第一封是英文的(感谢吴咏时老师寄来此信),鉴于一些人英文不那么好,我大致逐段翻译一下。

第一封信 作者:冯达旋

More After Thoughts on Japanese Nobel Chemistry Laureate in 2008

Osamu Shimomura (Shimomura Osamu, born August 27, 1928)

In this new century (21st century,) Japanese (not necessarily Japan because two are US
citizens) have already won EIGHT Nobel prizes. Of course there may be more this year since economics, literature and peace have not been announced yet.

Since 2000, Japanese have so far won the following Nobel prizes

(翻译:更多的关于08年日本人获得化学奖的思考

在新世纪(21世纪),有8位日本人获得诺贝尔奖(有两位是美国公民),今年也许还会有文学、和平或经济奖。2000年以后,下列日本人获奖:)

1. Osamu Shimomura of the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, MA, USA
(Chemistry 2008) (US Citizen) Ph.D. from the University of Nagoya.

2. Yoichiro Nambu of Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Chicago, IL (US Citizen) D.Sc from the University of Tokyo.

3. Makoto Kobayashi of High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Tsukuba, Japan. Ph.D. from Nagoya University.

4. Toshihide Maskawa of Kyoto Sangyo University; Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics (YITP), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. Ph.D. from Nagoya University.

5. Masatoshi Koshiba of the University of Tokyo (Physics 2002) Undergraduate from the
University of Tokyo and Ph.D. from the University of Rochester.

6. Koichi Tanaka of Shimadzu Corp. (Chemistry 2002) Undergraduate from Tohoku University and the ONLY known NON-Doctorate Nobel laureate!

7. Ryoji Noyori of Nagoya University (Chemistry 2001) Ph.D. from the University of Kyoto

8. Hideki Shirakawa of Tsukuba University (Chemistry 2000) Ph.D. from Tokyo Institute of Technology

Few nations in the world can claim to have such accolades. So how did that happen for Japanese is surely something other nations, especially those in Asia Pacific, who would like understand.

Let me offer some of my less than expert views. I hope that this would be what the Chinese would refer to as┻縥まド, or throw a stone to draw a jade.

(翻译: 不多的国家能够有这样的荣耀。日本人是如何做到这一点的?一些其他国家特别是亚洲国家一定最想知道。

让我陈述一下非专家意见,用中国的话说,是抛砖引玉。)

1. This is long time in the making. I would even postulate that it began with Ming-ji Reformation in the mid-19th century. If this is indeed true, patience seems to be an ultimate virtue.

(翻译:这是长期的事情。我猜应该从19世纪中叶的明治维新开始。如果这么猜是正确的,那么耐心是终极优点。)

2. The very first Nobel laureate came in 1949, when Hideki Yukawa of ” Kyoto Imperial University,” now Kyoto University won it in physics. It is interesting that in 1949, Yukawa was a visiting professor at Columbia University. I recalled Professor T. D. Lee told me a long time ago when I was visiting his “tiny” office in the Physics Building of Columbia University that the former occupant of his office was Yukawa!

(翻译:第一个诺奖是1949年的汤川,京都帝国大学。在49年,汤川也是哥伦比亚大学的客座教授。我记得我曾访问过李政道教授在哥大物理系的小型办公室,他告诉我那曾是汤川的办公室。)

3. Japanese scientists are mostly all home-grown. This is, in my opinion, fundamentally important because it has as much scientific as it has psychological impact on aspiring young minds. For example. of the eight since 2000, you would notice that only 2 have US citizenships. However, even for those two, they completed their doctorates in Japan which means that they already inherited the Japanese scientific tradition. For Japanese higher education, I think this must also mean that it has rendered in the last century its own universities to be as good as possible
scientifically on the world stage. In this regard, it is interesting that whatever current ranking one wants to utilize, University of Tokyo and University of Kyoto always appear on top. A good friend of mine from one of the best US universities once told me that “the definition of a great university is that it can IGNORE rankings!”

(翻译:这些日本科学家基本上都是在日本受教育的。在我看来,这很重要,因为对激励年轻人来说不仅有科学影响同时也有心理影响。举例来说,2000年之后的8位诺奖获得者,有两位美国公民。即使这两位,也是在日本获得博士学位的。这意味着上世纪的日本高等教育在国际范围内也是很好的。不论你如何排名,东京大学和京都大学的世界排名总是在前列。有一次,一位来自一家美国一流大学的朋友告诉我,一家伟大的大学的定义是它可以不在乎排名。)

4. After WWII, Japanese government, despite its ups and downs (and a very good Japanese leading physicist and friend once told me that it is mostly downs than ups,) its support of science and science education never wavered or retreated. In the second half of the 20th century, what ever Japanese built with public funds, they always built some of the best facilities, if not the best. Examples are numerous. In areas I am familiar with, such as Super-Kamiokande neutrino observatory, SPRING8, a world renowned 3rd generation synchrotron radiation facility, and so on, once they are up and running, the world scientists would converge there. I am sure that in other areas of science, such as life sciences, the Japanese Government support is just as aggressive and sustaining. In my opinion, the support of such facilities from the
Government is probably not because it wants to win some prizes (and of course prizes are good to have as icing on a cake,) but to build a landscape of supreme scientific excellence. Once that landscape is built and psychologically penetrated into the aspiring young minds, and this will take enormous resources and time (hence patience is really needed,) outstanding science will emerge! Few nations in Asia seem to have “stomachs” for patience. This is an important and profound lesson one can learn from the Japanese, in my opinion.

(翻译:二战之后,日本政府从来没有在支持科学研究和科学教育上含糊过,尽管政府有好有不好(一位日本科学领袖告诉我,大部分是不好的)。20世纪下半叶,不论用公费建造什么研究设施,这些设施总是好的,如果不全是最好的,有很多例子。在我研究的领域,有Super-Kamiokande中微子实验室,SPRING8,国际上出名的第三代同步辐射加速器。我相信在别的领域,例如生命科学,日本政府的支持是具有经略性和持久性的。 在我看来,日本政府对这些设施的支持不是为了想获奖(当然获奖不是坏事,就像蛋糕上的装饰),而是为了打造杰出的科学景观。一旦景观建成,并且对有抱负的年轻人发生心理影响,这当然需要巨大的资源和时间(所以耐心是需要的),就会产生卓越的科学成就。在亚洲,很少国家有这样的耐心。这是我们从日本人学习到的重要的一课。

5. Building scientific legacy, traditions and schools of thought. This is as true in science as it is in humanities. The best example as I have mentioned yesterday is the legacy of Yukawa (Nobel in 1949) and Tomonaga (Nobel in 1972.) However, legacy is great to have if one can build on it, and with all these Japanese Nobel accolades in the new century, the Japanese were relentless in leveraging the legacy to greatly enhance its scientific excellence.

(翻译:建设科学传统、遗产和思想学派,在科学和人文上是一样的。昨天我提到的一个最好的例子是汤川(49年诺奖)和朝永(72年诺奖)的遗产。拥有遗产是了不起的。有了21世纪新的诺奖荣耀,日本将不遗余力地强化他们在科学上的杰出地位。)

第二封信 亚洲科学家有望获得更多诺贝尔奖——从2008年诺贝尔物理奖谈起 作者:潘国驹

瑞典皇家科学院7日宣布,美籍日本科学家南部阳一郎与两位日本本土科学家小林诚和益川敏英教授一道荣获2008年度诺贝尔物理学奖。就这三人获奖理由,瑞典皇家科学院称,南部阳一郎发现了次原子物理的对称性自发破缺机制而获奖,日本科学家小林诚、益川敏英因发现了对称性破缺的来源获奖。南部阳一郎等人的得奖无疑成为亚洲科学家获得更多诺贝尔奖的助推器,在增加信心的同时也备感任重道远。这篇文章我们要探讨亚洲的科学潜力以及有待改善的一些建议。

此前获得诺贝尔物理学奖的日本人有汤川秀树,朝永振一郞,江崎玲於奈,小柴昌俊。今年,我们再一次看到物理奖的工作主要是在日本本土进行的。除了物理,日本科学家在化学、文学等领域也取得了一些惊人的成果,共有15人获得诺贝尔奖,尤其是今年物理奖的工作,这表明日本或亚洲的确能做出世界最好的科研成果,日本的文化以及日本人作学问的一丝不苟的认真精神是他们成功的基石。中国百年动乱从辛亥革命、抗日战争、国共内战到反右、文化大革命,一系列的动荡,造成社会的不稳定,无疑也影响到科学研究,可庆幸的是最近30年,随着中国改革开放的不断深入,科技也跟着起飞,相信不久的将来我们会看到更多新的成果,从今年物理奖也许我们得到下列几方面的启示:

1)首先,亚洲的科学家是有能力与欧美科学家一样,做出最尖端的科研成果。因为亚洲文化和智慧在一定程度上能推动或提升科研的水平,过去日本、中国、韩国、印度等国的科学成就可以说明这一点。随着经济的起飞,亚洲的教育以及科技的投资会有极大的推动力。不过,我们需要特别注意的是,一定要加大基础研究的投资。科学研究就像一棵树,树干和根就是基础研究,只有重视基础研究,树才有可能长出树叶,甚至开花、结果。中国奥运成功,神七上天,光有这些还不够,中国同时也需要诺贝尔奖。我们不仅仅需要比尔•盖茨和任天堂,也需要基础科学。其它科目,中国的年轻一代也在奋力直追。

2)正如我在9月10日《联合早报》发表的文章中提到的,目前亚洲科技有一点需要重视的是要加强自己的信心,不要在全球化的冲击下,事事都被西方牵着鼻子走,渐渐地失去主动权以及创新精神。中国若要在未来10至20年,摘下诺奖,必须鼓励创新精神,改革相应的制度,培养科学兴趣,而不仅仅是完成科学任务。有了兴趣,创新的可能也就较大。

3)我们需要多一些自由讨论。今年6月,我去北京参加中国科学院理论物理所成立三十周年活动。中科院前院长周光召教授在庆祝会上讲话,他特别强调了中国科学界应该多鼓励自由讨论、自由发挥个人能力,这一看法很重要,亚洲国家一向受儒家思想影响,听命上级指示,忽略个人看法。所以,我认为周光召鼓励自由讨论的气氛,非常及时必要,只有民主自由的讨论,才有可能寻找出科学的真谛。

4)尽量减少繁琐的官僚制度。我也曾提到过今年得奖的南部阳一郎教授觉得亚洲的体制过于保守,尤其对年青人设置许多不必要的限制,浪费不少时间在行政工作上。他认为美国的制度比较灵活,在聘请升级等方面都比较开明,这点亚洲国家是应该学习的。我和南部阳一郎教授有过不少接触,还在1990年请他来新加坡参加世界规模最大的国际高能物理大会,并作总结性的演讲。他是一个非常谦虚但同时也很独特的人,尽管日本政府高规格礼遇他,可他就是不愿长期在日本生活工作,原因就是他怕繁琐的行政工作耽搁他的科研时间。

我们看到亚洲的科技不断地在迈进,除了建立信心之外,也要认识到自己的弱点。

(作者为南洋理工大学高等研究所所长、报业集团华文报咨询团成员)

下图是南部,贴此图祝贺他 (离开芝大后再也没有见过他)

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『注』 本文来自 博客李淼, 原文链接 http://limiao.net/1036, 发表于 2008年10月11日 22:27:48。有 116 条评论。

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